Hmm, I reproduced what looks like the same thing here.
I only have one USB-A adapter, normally I use that to connect an older USB hub which then “carries” an external USB keyboard and a scanner.
I unplugged that:
[39123.036330] usb 3-3: USB disconnect, device number 2
[39123.036339] usb 3-3.3: USB disconnect, device number 4
[39123.126675] usb 3-3.4: USB disconnect, device number 6
and plugged in a flash drive. I got this on several attempts:
[39135.649747] usb usb3-port3: Cannot enable. Maybe the USB cable is bad?
[39137.225844] usb usb3-port3: Cannot enable. Maybe the USB cable is bad?
[39137.225995] usb usb3-port3: attempt power cycle
[39138.865786] usb usb3-port3: Cannot enable. Maybe the USB cable is bad?
[39140.649889] usb usb3-port3: Cannot enable. Maybe the USB cable is bad?
[39140.650068] usb usb3-port3: unable to enumerate USB device
Then I unplugged the USB A adapter and plugged it back in (same port). Then the flash drive started being recognized. Note the difference in USB identifier/enumeration(?):
[39230.276500] usb 2-2: new SuperSpeed USB device number 3 using xhci_hcd
[39230.288957] usb 2-2: New USB device found, idVendor=1f75, idProduct=0917, bcdDevice= 0.01
[39230.288966] usb 2-2: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[39230.288969] usb 2-2: Product: USB DISK
[39230.288971] usb 2-2: Manufacturer:
[39230.288973] usb 2-2: SerialNumber: xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
[39230.290940] usb-storage 2-2:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
[39230.291228] scsi host1: usb-storage 2-2:1.0
[39231.300389] scsi 1:0:0:0: Direct-Access 1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6
[39231.300950] sd 1:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 0
[39231.301170] sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] 30310400 512-byte logical blocks: (15.5 GB/14.5 GiB)
[39231.301396] sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off
[39231.301404] sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 23 00 00 00
[39231.301650] sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Write cache: disabled, read cache: disabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
[39231.303903] sdb: sdb1 sdb2 sdb3
[39231.304332] sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk