Ok, so I just tested with kernel 6.10 and mesa 24.1.6 and 24.2.0, as both are released now, and both fix the problem for me. No crashing anymore so far. 
So this can be closed, thanks for the help debugging this. 
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Looks like the same thing that others saw here: [SOLVED] Framework website crashes/freezes on kernel 6.10 with Firefox on AMD Framework - #15 by SuperTux88
It is a known issue with Mesa 24.1.5 and Linux 6.10. See that thread for more information.
If tou want to have the needed codecs, then rpmfusion packages are the only option. Sure they will soon update them.
Yes, but disabling the RPMFusion packages made my system stable again, so I can live without codecs until 24.1.6 (which apparently fixes the bug). It is already in F40 repos, so just waiting for the new version to land in RPMFusion as well .
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I had the black screen to frozen graphics issue on PopOS 22.04. With the same MMVM_L2_PROTECTION_FAULT_STATUS logs. Mesa 24.0.3 and kernel 6.9.3-76060903-generic. Thanks to everyone looking into this above. Looks like it will be all good in the future.
I had the exact same issue, seems to be gone after allocating more memory to IGPU:
It’s almost the same steps as in here
but the mode is only called “Game” in my Bios