This one of the reasons I prefer to use it for data storage.
I hear that, I actually have had use case scenarios where I was in the same boat. There are things we can try, but it’s purely as is in terms of running an OS off it.
This needs to be corrected as with Windows, it’s not officially supported: Windows 11 Won't Reboot but can Shutdown - #7 by TheTwistgibber
It’s doable for Linux, but it’s best seen as your mileage may vary.
All of that said, your errors appear to be bad sectors and we can attack this way:
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Understand that if you don’t have any data backed up from this drive, now is the time because there is always risk of data loss. Live USB, secondary USB storage device, backup Home.
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sudo umount /dev/sdb then sudo fsck -y /dev/sdb1 (or 2 or whichever is applicable) (To check for and -y to correct errors).
This process will be slow, very slow.
Faster approach:
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Boot to live USB, gparted, create a brand new partition on the device.
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Reinstall fresh (although I am not a fan of trusting USB to be flawless for OS usage).