As you suggested, I run the machine until the issue occurred. It worked for 3 hours longer than I expected it would, but, unfortunately, still got IO issues at the end. Unfortunately it crashed while I was away and I couldn’t see the error logs from the Login screen. The last logs of any relevance are:
Jul 03 18:44:08 spirit-laptop kernel: usb 5-1: USB disconnect, device number 2
Jul 03 18:44:08 spirit-laptop kernel: usb 5-1.4: USB disconnect, device number 3
And after those the system was logging fine a for a few more minutes.
This is really unfortunate because I already bought the same model and now will have to return it. But it seems that other AMD mainboards are also affected: AMD Framework and NVMe SSD Enclosure Compatibility Investigation - #97 by Craig_Hesling