Seeing similar issues on the Framework 13 AMD, running freshly installed Fedora 42. I also had the issue a few weeks ago on Fedora 41 and could fix it by downgrading mesa, which I can’t do anymore (as you mentioned in your post too).
EDIT: This post Graphical Corruption in Fedora 41 on AMD (BIOS3.06, Linux 6.13.5) - #27 by Erik_Drenth reminded me that I did indeed apply such workaround some time ago, I removed it now, will see if any artifacts still come up.