So after almost a month of providing info, logs, photos, and videos of this issue occurring and answering some questions multiple times, Framework support was finally convinced that I was suffering from the same hardware issue as @0xc0ffee . They sent a replacement board which I installed and finally this issue appears to be gone.
P.S.: After doing a mainboard change, if the internal screen turns off shortly after showing the Framework logo during boot but can otherwise display the BIOS screens just fine, double-check the screen connector is properly seated on the board. Apparently I didn’t connect it fully and the screen was only able to display low resolution content. This really scared me at first into thinking the new board was broken as I would have expected the screen to fully work or not at all.