I am currently fiddling around with a pretty similar behaviour of my Framework 16.
Ryzen™ 9 7940HS with the AMD Radeon™ RX 7700S expansion board
32 GB RAM
EndeavourOS Arch Linux (Kernel 6.15.9-arch1-1 / 6.12.43-1 lts)
Drivers, Firmware, everything up to date (except the non-lts Kernel since I have another problem with the 6.16 Kernel in regards to external monitors on my dock).
If the AMD Radeon™ RX 7700S expansion board is installed, the dGPU would get deactivated after a few minutes of regular usage by power management. Which is expected.
The moment this happens, the CPU will get limited to 544 MHz, no matter what I do, even if stress-testing or starting high graphic games – which will re-enable the dGPU just fine, the CPU limitation, however, persists, making the Notebook barely usable.
cpupower frequency-info
shows (besides other info)
current CPU frequency: 545 MHz (asserted by call to kernel)
And this is that. Reboot fixes the problem, but nothing very short of that. Next dGPU power cycle, the problem is back.
If I add the kernel parameter amdgpu.runpm=0 to disable the dGPU power management, everything runs just fine, the CPU keeps working at the speeds it should.
The problem also does not occur with the fan-only expansion bay installed (so without dGPU).
I already tried several iterations of setting power profiles with cpupower – which are completely ignored in that state.
Any ideas other than disabling the dGPU power managment anyone? 
Greetings,
^.^ Dingo