Does it have an issue if connected with a usb-a to lightning cable?
Might be the same issue that some have reported here community.frame.work/t/usb-c-is-not-compatible-with-iphone-15-pro-pro-max/38349/
Note that it’s not happening to everyone’s Framework and their iphone: USB C is not compatible with iPhone 15 / Pro / Pro Max - #59 by GhostLegion, which makes me suspect that the issue is not so straightforward. And that the cause might be a combination of issues with both the iphone and laptop. So the phone works elsewhere, and the laptop works fine with other phones, only in together does the problem appear.
Here someone seemed to report that their iPhone 15 was working fine before it was updated to IOS 17.1.2. USB C is not compatible with iPhone 15 / Pro / Pro Max - #129 by JenJ. Which would point to an apple firmware / software bug being the cause. At least in their case.